第二部分进一步阅读书目

依笔者拙见,世界历史从公元前500年到公元1500年的整个时段属于一种膨胀的“中世纪”,夹在文明形成的基本阶段与1500年后西方开始占据支配地位之间。这种分期与传统的世界历史分期背道而驰,传统分期把这里放在同一个阶段的历史以大约公元400年为界,分别划分到古典和中世纪两个阶段。然而,传统的年代顺序遇到世界其他地区的历史时,就显得非常尴尬,因此,最好的方法似乎是只能按地区列举名称,而不要按照任何年代顺序。

欧洲。大多数古典作品已经被翻译成英语并且收在洛布古典丛书里了,与原著的希腊语和拉丁语逐页对照。此外,更重要的作家还有其他译本,而且常常由于我缺乏足够的知识而无法推荐任何作家的特定版本,如埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、阿里斯托芬、希罗多德、修昔底德、普鲁塔克、李维、塔西佗、柏拉图、亚里士多德、西塞罗和其他同样持续受欢迎的作家等。但是,任何好奇的学生都将被要求尽快熟悉这些作家,因为他们是西方文明的主要源泉之一。

在现代学者中,选择就更显得武断而困难了。两部优秀的标准教材是:J.B.Bury,History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great,4th ed.(London,1975);和Max Cary,History of Rome Down to the Reign of Constantine the Great,2nd ed.(London,1954)。Gisela M.A.Richter,Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks,rev.ed.(New York,1950)是另一部标准的权威著作;Moses Hadas,History of Greek Literature(New York,1950)对他的主题进行了优雅的概述。关于经济史,参见F.M.Heichelheim,Ancient Economic History,3 vols.(New York,1958);M.I.Rostovtseff,The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World,3 vols.(Oxford,1941);同一作者的更加充满激情的Social and Economic History of Roman Empire,revised by P.M.Fraser 2nd ed.,2 vols.(Oxford,1957);Tenny Frank et al.,eds.,An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome,5 vols.(Baltimore,1933~40);A.H.M.Jones,The Greek City:From Alexander to Justinian(Oxford,1940);K.D.White,Roman Farming(Ithaca,N.Y.,1970);M.I.Finley,The Ancient Economy(Berkeley,1973);和Ernst Badian,Publicians and Sinners:Private Enterprise in the Service of the Roman Republic(Ithaca,N.Y.,1972)。关于军事和政治事件的特定方面,下列著作特别有趣:A.R.Burn,Persia and the Greeks:The Defence of the West(New York,1962);H.W.Parke,Greek Mercenry Soldiers(Oxford,1933);A.H.M.Jones,Athenian Democracy(Oxford,1957);Sir Ronald Syme,The Roman Revolution(Oxford,1939);J.R.Hamilton,Alexander the Great(London,1973);F.E.Peters,The Harvest of Hellenism:A History of the Near East from Alexander the Great to the Triumph of Christianity(New York,1970);Ernst Badian,Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic(Oxford,1968);Fergus Millar,The Emperor in the Roman World,31 B.C.~A.D.337(Ithaca,N.Y.,1977);Ramsey Macmullen,Roman Social Relations,50 B.C.~A.D.284(New Haven,1974)。还有其他三部著作可以在这里推荐:Marshall Clagett,Greek Science in Antiquity(New York,1956);W.W.Tarn and G.T.Griffith,Hellenistic Civilization,3rded.(London,1952);和Georges Dumezil,Archaic Roman Religion(Chicago,1970)。

早期基督教本身就是一个主题。古典学家的两部杰出著作是:C.N.Cochrane,Christianity and Classical Culture(New York,1944);和Arnaldo Momigliano,ed.,The Conflict between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century(Oxford,1963)。William A.Chaney,The Cult of Kingship in Anglo-Saxon England:The Transition from Paganism to Christianity(Berkeley,1970)对一个重要的过渡时期的连续性和断裂性进行了论述。对早期基督教总体论述的优秀著作有:Kenneth Scott Latourette,A History of the Expansion of Christianitiy I:The First Five Centuries(New York,1937);Robert M.Grant,Historical Introduction to the New Testament(New York,1963);和Rudolf Karl Bultmann,Primitive Christianity in Its Comtemporary Setting(London,1956)。有趣的更专门性主题如下:A.D.Nock,Conversion,The Old and the New in Religion from Alexander the Great to Augustine of Hippo(London,1933);J.M.Allegro,The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Origins of Christianity(New York,1957);Jean Doresse,Secret Books of the Egyptian Gnostics(New York,1960);和Peter Brown,Augustine of Hippo(Berkeley,1967)。Salo W.Baron,A Social and Religious History of the Jews,2nd ed.,8 vols.(New York,1952~58),是研究早期基督教非常有用的配套著作。

中世纪史学家一直将基督教划分为拉丁基督教和希腊基督教,斯拉夫欧洲常常成为第三个组成部分。同样,与伊斯兰教的关系被忽略或者与总体描述分离开来加以对待。结果是强调了,也许多于实际理由,中世纪欧洲二者之间关系的区分,更别说整个欧亚大陆。Hugh Trevor-Roper,The Rise of Christian Europe(London,1965);Gustave E.von Grunebaum,Medieval Islam:A Study in Cultural Orientation,2nd ed.(Chicago,1955);和Robert S.Lopez,The Birth of Europe(New York,1967);超越了这种狭隘视野;如Lynn White Jr.,Medieval Technology and Social Change(Oxford,1962)。

近来关于中世纪经济史的著作围绕着亨利·皮朗在Mohammed and Charlgemagne(New York,1955)提出、在他的Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe(New York,197)一书中确立的“皮朗假设”而展开。The Cambridge Economic History of Europe,3 vols.(Cambridge,1941~63)反映了专家的一致意见;C.S.and C.S.L.Orwin,The Open Fields,2nd ed.(Oxford,1954)把农业的实际经验用于阐述争议众多的庄园土地类型。近来由杰出学者撰写的综合性著作包括:M.M.Postan,The Medieval Economy and Society:An Economic History of Britain,1100~1500(Berkeley,1972),和Robert S.Lopez,The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages (Englewood Cliffs,N.J.,1971)。

在政治事件方面,接受一份比大多数著作更有趣味更重要的书目似乎是最好的办法;Marc Bloch,Feudal Society(Chicago,1961);Carl Stephenson,Medieval Feudalism(Ithaca,N.Y.,1942);Sir Steven Runciman,A History of the Crusades,3 vols.(Cambridge,1951~54);Charles Homer Haskins,The Normans in European History (Boston,1915);Geoffrey Barraclough,The Origins of Modern Germany,2nd ed.(Oxford,1947);和P.H.Sawyer,The Age of Vikings(New York,1962)。

关于文化史,基于同样武断原则建议书目如下:R.W.Southern,The Making of the Middle Ages(New Haven,1953);Christopher Dawson,The Making of Europe(London,1932);John Huizinga,The Waning of the Middle Ages(London,1924);L.J.Daley,The Medieval University(New York,1961);Charles Homer Haskins,The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century(Cambridge,Mass.,1927);C.H.McIlwain,The Growth of Political Thought in the West(New York,1932);David Knowles,The Evolution of Medieval Thought(London,1962);Ernst Kitzinger,Early Medieval Art in the British Museum,2nd ed.(London,1955);Erwin Panofsky,Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism(Latrobe,Pa.,1951);Paul Oskar Kristeller,Renaissance Thought:The Classic,Scholastic and Humanist Strains,rev.ed.,2 vols.(New York,1961);Ernst Cassirer et al.eds.,The Renaissance Philosophy of Man(Chicago,1948)。David Talbot Rice,ed.,The Dawn of European Civilization(London,1965)是一部插图精美的介绍欧洲和近东艺术第一个千年纪的著作。两部总论性的著作追溯了欧洲的重要主题:Clarence Glacken,Traces on the Rhodian Shore(Berkeley,1967),讨论了欧洲关于自然的观念,和Herschel Baker,The Dignity of Man(Cambridge,Mass.,1947,新书名,The Image of Man,New York,1961)。