第四部分进一步阅读书目

试图解释人类近期历史总体方向的著作包括:Daniel Chirot,Social Change in the Twentieth Century(New York,1977);Angus Maddison,Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development:A Long Run Comparative View(Oxford,1991);Joseph M.Kitagawa,The Quest for Human Unity:A Religious History(Minneapolis,1990);Trevor I.Williams, Science:A History of Discovery in the Twentieth Century(New York,1990);Kenneth Boulding, The Meaning of the Twentieth Century:The Great Transition (New York,1964);William H.McNeill,The Human Condition:An Ecological and Historical View(Princeton,1980);Alfred W.Crosby,Ecological Imperialism:The Biological Expansion of Europe,900~1900(Cambridge,1986);B.L.Turner II,ed.,The Earth as Transformed by Human Action:Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere over the Past300 Years(Cambridge,1990);Norbert Wiener,The Human Use of Human Beings,Cybernetics and Society(Garden City,N.Y.,1954);和Alfred D.Chandler,Jr.,Scale and Scope:The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism(Cambridge,Mass.,1990)。

国际政治由下列著作进行了富有洞见的论述:A.J.P.Tailor,The Struggle for Mastery in Europe,1848~1918(Oxford,1987);Norman Rich,Great Power Diplomacy,1814~1914(New York,1992);Paul M.Kennedy,The Rise and Fall of the Great Power:Economic Change and Military Conflict from1500 to2000 (New York,1989);Hugh Tinker,Race,Conflict and the International Order:From Empire to United Nations(London,1977);和Walter A.McDougall,The Heavens and the Earth:A Political History of the Space Age(New York,1985)。

关于帝国主义,经典的马克思主义解释见Vladimir I.Lenin,Imperialism,The Highest Stage of Capitalism(New York,1939)。关于其他观点,见:Wolfgang J.Mommsen,Theories of Imperialism(Chicago,1982);Woodruff D.Smith,European Imperialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries(Chicago,1982);Daniel R.Headrick,The Tools of Empire:Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century(New York,1981);和Philip Darby,Three Faces of Imperialism:British and American Approaches to Asia and Africa,1870~1970(New Haven,Conn.,1987)。

关于战争,值得推荐的书目包括:Theodore J.Ropp,War in the Modern World,rev.ed.(New York,1962);Michael Howard,War in European History(Oxford,976);William H.McNeill,Pursuit of Power:Technology,Armed Force,and Society since A.D.1000(Chicago,1982);和Raymond Aron,The Century of Total War(Boston,1955)。关于一战的序幕,见Laurence Lafore,The Long Fuse:An Interpretation of the Origins of World War I(Philadelphia,1965),和Fritz Fischer,Germanys Arms in the First World War(New York,1967)特别有趣。关于第一次世界大战,见Marc Ferro,The Great War,1914~1918(New York,1989);Barbara Tuchman,The Guns of August(New York,1982);和 Gerd Hartach,The First World War1914~1918(Berkeley,1981)。

关于俄国革命,John Reed,Ten Days That Shock the World(New York,1992)是一名富有激情的记者的经典而富有同情心的现场描述。Leon Trosky, History of the Russian Revolution,3 vols.(London,1932~1933;reissue,New York,1980),是一部由十月革命宣传家之一撰写的卓越的、富有见地的历史著作。关于其他观点,见Edward Acton,Rethinking the Russian Revolution(London,1990);E.H.Carr,The Bolshevik Revolution,1917~1923, 3vols.(London,1985);John L.H.Keep,The Russian Revolution:A Study in Mass Mobilization(New York,1976);和Allan K.Wildman,The End of the Russian Imperial Army,2 vols.(Princeton,1980~1987).关于苏维埃社会和政府,Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge:The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism,rev.ed.(New York,1989),是从俄国内部发出的强烈批评观点。局外人的评估包括:Robert C.Tucker,Stalin in Power:The Revolution from Above(New York,1990);Adam B.Ulam,Stalin:The Man and His Era,rev.ed.(Boston,1989);和Alec Nove,An Economic History of the USSR,1917~1991,3rded.(Harmondsworth,1992)。

关于战后和20世纪30年代的“大萧条”,见Sally Marks,The Illusion of Peace:International Relations in Europe1918~1933 (New York,1976);Franz Borkenau,World Communism:A History of the Communist International(Ann Arbor,Mich.,1962);Hannah Arendt,The Origins of Totalitarianism(San Diego,1979);Ernst Nolte,Three Faces of Fascism:Action Francaise,Italian Fascism,National Socialism,(New York,1969);Charles P.Kindelberger,The World in Depression,1929~1939(Berkeley,Cal.,1986);和Hugh Thomas,The Spanish Civil War,rev.ed.(1977)。

为了理解那些转变公共事务的思想潮流,最好是阅读原著。下面是一些最有影响的著作:Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,The Communist Manifesto(1848 and available in numerous reprints)短小精悍;Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf(New York,1939)极其冗长而不着边际,但是“法西斯主义”一文最初发表在Encyclopedia Italiana,而且经常被重印——例如,本尼托·墨索里尼,Fascism:Doctrine and Institutions(New York,1968)一书就收录了此文——就比较简短而清晰。Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams (初版于1899年;1987年纽约重印),既简短又有趣;Albert Einstein,The Meaning of Relativity,5th ed.(New York,1956)非常成功地把抽象的物理学变得普通读者也能理解。有帮助的二手著作包括:Stuart Hughes,Consciousness and Society:the Reorientation of European Social Thought,1890~1930,rev.ed.(New York,1977);James H.Billington,Fire in the Minds of Men:Origins of the Revolutionary Faith(New York,1980);和Jim Sampson,ed.,The Late Romantic Era:From mid-Nineteenth Century to World War I(Englewood Cliffs,N.J.,1991)。

第二次世界大战促使战胜国编纂了大量的官方史学论著。最令人印象深刻的是Samuel Morrison的History of U.S.Naval Operations in World War II,15 vols.(Boston,1947~1962)。J.V.Stalin, On the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union(New York,1945)给出了完全不同的观点。较早的综合性分析现在被Gerhand L.Weinberg,A World at Arms:A Global History of World War II(Cambridge,1994)超越了。对于那些被Weinberg那1178页大作吓倒的读者来说,Gordon Wright的富有洞见的 The Ordeal of Total War,1939~1945(New York,1966)也许值得推荐。Albert Speer,Inside the Third Reich(New York,1970)提供了内部人士对纳粹战争努力的叙述;Alan S.Milward,War,Economy and Society,1939~1945(Berkeley,Cal.,1977)是一部内容广阔、学术性强的关于战争动员如何影响参战国的著作。

冷战也产生了大量的史学论著。John L.Gaddis,The Long Peace:Inquiries into the History of the Cold War(New York,1987),是一部很好的入门读物。Walter LaFeber,America,Russia and the Cold War,1945~1992,6th ed.(New York,1991)是一本著名的教材。关于其他方面,见Lawrence S.Kaplan,NATO and the United States:The Enduring Alliance(Boston,1988);Derek W.Unwin,The Community of Europe:A History of European Integration since1945 (New York,1991);Peter R.Odell,Oil and World Power, 8th ed.(New York,1986);R.F.Holland,European Decolonization,1918~1981(New York,1985);Robert Gilpin,The Political Economy of International Relations(Princeton,1987);Werner J.Feld,Nongovernmental Forces and World Politics:A Study of Business,Labor and Political Groups(New York,1972);以及Robert O.Keohane and Joseph S.Nye,Jr.,eds.,Transnational Relations and World Politics(Cambridge,Mass.,1972)。指导美国冷战政策的一些观念最初由George F.Kennan清醒地认识到,并且发表在他优雅的小书 American Diplomacy,1900~1950(Chicago,1951)中。