第二部分进一步阅读书目(第2/4页)

关于东欧的英语著作较少,但是下列著作值得推荐:Archibald R.Lewis,Naval Power and Trade in the Mediterranean,A.D.500~1000(Princeton,1951);Sir Steven Runciman,Byzantine Civilization(London,1933);William H.McNeill,Venice:The Hinge of Europe,1081~1797(Chicago,1974);Norman H.Baynes and H.St.L.B.Moss,eds.,Byzantium(Oxford,1961);Peter Charanis,Studies on the Demography of the Byzantine Empire:Collected Studies(London,1972);O.M.Dalton, East Christian Art:A Survey of the Monuments(Oxford,1925);N.P.Kondakov,The Russian Icon(Oxford,1927);George Vernadsky,A History of Russia,5 vols.(New Haven,1943),和Jerome Blum,Lord and Peasant in Russia(Princeton,1961)。

伊斯兰王国。这是一个灵活的词语,因为伊斯兰教在诞生后的1000年里一直使人皈依,并扩张领土基础,事实上今天仍然如此。此外,在这个总标题下考察一下帕提亚和萨珊帝国也很方便,因为在许多方面,它们是阿拔斯王朝哈里发的先驱。总体说来,对伊朗的研究很少。两部简明的概论著作是:Richard N.Frye,Heritage of Persia(Cleveland,1963),和Roman Ghirshman,Iran from the Earliest Times to the IslamicConquest(Penguin,1961)。关于波斯和萨珊时期,参见:Neilson C.Debevoise,A Political History of Parthian(Chicago,1938);对于通法语的读者来说,可以参考Arthur Christensen, LIran sous les Sassanides, 2nd ed.(Copenhagen,1944);Roman Chirshman,Persian Art,The Parthian and Sassanian Dynasties(New York,1962);和Arthur Upham Pope and Phyllis Ackerman,eds.,A Survey of Persian Art,7 vols.(London and New York,1938~39)都是非常优秀的。关于宗教史,F.C.Burkitt,The Religion of the Manichees(Cambridge,1925)和其他两部著作:Robert Charles Zaehner,The Dawn and Twlight of Zoroastrianism(New York,1961),和Zurvan:A Zoroastrian Dilemma(Oxford,1955)也方便易得。

在众多概述伊斯兰教的著作中,下列著作尤为出色:H.A.R.Gibb,Mohammedanism:A Historical Survey,2nd ed.(London,1953);Bernard Lewis,The Arabs in History(London and New York,1950);Marshall G.S.Hodgson,The Venture of Islam:Conscience and History in a World Civilization,3 vols.(Chicago,1974);Gustave E.von Grunebaum,Medieval Islam:A Study in Cultural Orientation,2nd ed.(Chicago,1955);T.W.Arnold,The Caliphate(Oxford,1924);T.W.Arnold,The Preaching of Islam,2nd ed.(London,1913)。关于穆罕默德的生平,Tor Andrae,Mohammed:The Man and His Faith(New York,1956),W.Montgomery Watt,Muhammad at Merca(Oxford,1953)和W.Montgomery Watt,Muhammad at Medina(Oxford,1956)是非常优秀的著作。《古兰经》有多种译本存在;似乎没有一部英语版本达到了原著的文学功力,我无法确定最佳译本。Eric Schroeder,Muhammads People(Freeport,Me.,1955)是阿拉伯特别是伊斯兰教之前的诗歌的大杂烩译本。William Polk,The Golden Ode(Chicago,1974)翻译了前伊斯兰教阿拉伯的重要著作,并且把它作为阿拉伯社会的一种介绍而加以讨论。完全不同风格的是Ibn Khaldun,The Muquaddimah:An Introduction to History,tr.Franz Rosenthal,3 vols.(New York,1958)。W.Montgomer Watt,tr.,The Faith and Practice of Al-Ghazali(London and New York,1953),是一位著名的穆斯林神学家的自传,提供了洞悉穆斯林文明的第三只眼。

关于苏菲运动给伊斯兰教带来的重大变化,A.J.Arberry,Suffism:An Account of the Mystics of Islam(London,1950)和Reynold Alleyne Nicholson,Studies in Islamic Mysticism(Cambridge,1921)值得推荐。Edward G.Browne, A Literary History of Persia,4 vols.(London and Cambridge,1902~1924),是名副其实的经典;T.W.Arnold, Painting in Islam(Oxford,1928)和Richard Ettinghausen,Arab Painting(Geneva,1926)都是有价值的著作。

以下著作论述更专门的主题:George Fadlo Hourani,Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times(Princeton,1951);Andrew S.Ehrenkreutz,Saladin,(Albany,N.Y.,1927);W.Barthold,Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion,2nd ed.(London,1928);Paul Wittek,The Rise of the Ottoman Empire(London,1938);Halil Inalcik,The Ottoman Empire:The Classical Age,1300~1600(New York,1973);Franz Babinger,Mahmet the Conqueror and His Time(Princeton,1977);J.K.Birge,The Bektashi Order of Dervishes(Hartford,1937);和Marshall G.S.Hodgson,The Order of Assasins(The Hague,1955)。

中亚和草原地区。欧亚大陆草原地区通常被当作一个整体。Réné Grousset,The Empire of the Steppes(trans.New Brunswick,1970)是少数试图将东西方历史事件融为一体的著作之一。William M.Mcgovern,The Early Empire of Central Asia(Chapel Hill,1939)和Owen Lattimore,The Inner Asian Frontier of China(New York,1940),论述了欧亚草原的东部。W.W.Tarn,The Greeks in Bactria and India,2nd ed.(Cambridge,1951),A.K.Narain,The Indo-Greeks(Oxford,1957),论述了中亚历史上最动荡的一个时期。据我所知,没有类似的论述贵霜帝国的著作,也没有论述维吾尔时代传播到整个中亚的萨珊帝国外围的满意著作。Sir Aurel Stein,On Ancient Central Asia Tracks(London,1933)只记录了他的发现,但没有把他的记录编写成历史。

历史学家对欧亚草原西部的论述则要好得多。M.I.Rostovtseff,Iranians and Greeks in South Russia(Oxford,1922)和Tamara Talbot Rice,The Scythians(London,1957)在第一部分进一步阅读书目中已经提及。Mortimer Wheeler,Rome beyond the Imperial Frontiers(New York,1955);E.A.Thompson,A History of Attila and the Huns(Oxford,1948);Otto Maenchen-Helfen,The World of the Huns(Berkeley,1973);和D.M.Dunlop,The History of the Jewish Khazars(Princeton,1954)不仅非常完满地论述了欧亚草原历史上的每个重要阶段,并论述了它与欧洲的关系。R.A.Stein,Tibetan Civilization(trans.Stanford,1972),是对这个主题的标准论述。关于蒙古,以下两部著作尤为出色:H.Desmond Martin,The Rise of Chings Khan and His Conquest of North China,ed.Elianor Lattimore(Baltimore,1950);和Christopher Dawson,ed.,The Mongol Mission(London and New York,1955)。Michael Prawdin(pseud.For Michael Charol),The Mongol Empire:Its Rise and Legacy(London,1940),是一部可读性强但缺乏事实证明的著作。

印度和东南亚。A.L.Basham,The Wonder That Was India,rev.ed.(New York,1963),是对印度文明最好的简介。近年的概论是Stanley Wolpert,A New History of India(New York,1977)。K.A.Nilakanta Sastri,A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar, 3rded.(Madras,1966),和E.H.Warmington,Commerce between the Roman Empire and India(Cambridge,1928),为地中海与印度洋世界互动关系提供了有趣的数据。